北欧初夏,学术启航。2026年欧洲血液学会年会(EHA 2026)于6月11日至14日在瑞典斯德哥尔摩盛大召开,汇聚世界顶尖专家学者,引领血液学发展新方向。本届大会在儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(B-ALL)领域迎来重磅进展。在全体科学大会上,德国石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因大学医学中心Martin Schrappe教授报告了随机Ⅲ期AIEOP-BFM ALL 2017研究的突破性成果(摘要号:S103),首次证实以贝林妥欧单抗(blinatumomab)替代两个疗程高强度化疗,在高危儿童B-ALL患者中不仅显著提高了4年无事件生存率(EFS),还大幅降低了感染、黏膜炎等毒副反应及治疗相关死亡率。《肿瘤瞭望-血液时讯》现场特邀Schrappe教授就该研究的意义及儿童ALL治疗模式的未来走向进行深入解读。
《肿瘤瞭望-血液时讯》:本次AIEOP-BFM ALL 2017随机Ⅲ期研究显示,在高危儿童B-ALL中,以blinatumomab替代两疗程高强度化疗可显著提高4年EFS并降低复发风险。您如何评价这一结果对当前儿童ALL一线治疗标准可能带来的改变?
Martin Schrappe教授:在这项AIEOP-BFM ALL 2017研究中,我们首次评估了以贝林妥欧单抗免疫治疗替代部分化疗的可行性。这一研究设计本身即具有开创性——因为通常情况下,当新型药物问世时,临床研究的常规思路是将其添加至现有标准化疗方案之上,以谋求叠加效应。然而,我们在此次试验中采取了截然不同的策略,首次将两个高强度化疗疗程(HR-2'和HR-3')直接替换为免疫治疗。坦率地说,我们预想到免疫治疗的毒性可能低于传统化疗——事实证明的确如此,毒副反应更少、治疗相关死亡率更低。但令我们惊讶的是,其抗白血病疗效也更为显著,4年EFS率从对照组的70.3%提升至试验组的83.0%,复发风险近乎减半。这是一个里程碑式的进步。基于这一积极结果,从长远来看,我认为我们不仅应将免疫治疗的应用范围从高危患者扩展至中危和低危患者,还应探索在更早的治疗节点介入免疫治疗的可能性。为此,我们已经着手启动下一项临床研究,预计将于2026年9月开始入组,旨在进一步验证免疫治疗在更广泛风险分层患儿中的价值。
Oncology Frontier-Hematology Frontier:In the randomized phase 3 AIEOP-BFM ALL 2017 trial, replacing two intensive chemotherapy blocks with blinatumomab significantly improved 4-year EFS and reduced relapse risk in pediatric high-risk B-ALL. How do you view the potential impact of these findings on the current first-line treatment standard for childhood ALL?
Professor Martin Schrappe:In this study AIEOP-BFM ALL 2017, we for the first time evaluated the question if parts of the chemotherapy can be replaced by immunotherapy using blinatumomab. This is not so easy because usually what happens if a new agent comes across we add the agent to the existing chemotherapy. But here for the first time parts of the chemotherapy have been replaced by immunotherapy. And honestly we knew it would probably be less toxic and it turns out that it's less toxic, less mortality, less toxicity. But we were surprised to see that it's also much more efficient. And this was a big step forward. So on the long run I think we will now also try not only to treat high-risk patients with immunotherapy but also medium-risk and low-risk patients. And for that we are already initiating our next study starting in September 2026.
《肿瘤瞭望-血液时讯》:研究同时显示,blinatumomab组在MRD清除率更高,并显著降低感染、黏膜损伤以及移植相关非复发死亡率。您认为这种"疗效提升+毒性下降"的双重获益,是否意味着儿童ALL治疗正在进入以免疫治疗为核心的新阶段?
Martin Schrappe教授:在评估任何新型治疗策略时,我们必须始终将患者的利益置于核心位置——毒性负荷的减轻和治疗相关死亡率的下降,对于患者及其家庭而言具有最直接、最切身的临床意义。尽管患者可能无法感知微小残留病(MRD)水平的细微变化,但MRD的下降是重要的生物学标志和预后指标,在我们这项研究中也确实观察到免疫治疗组MRD清除率显著优于化疗组(76.9% vs. 45.8%),这一差异具有显著统计学意义。
然而,对于患者而言,治疗相关死亡率的降低以及严重毒副反应的减少具有更为深远的影响。我们的研究数据显示,试验组患者的黏膜炎和感染性并发症发生率远低于化疗组,这一点对于改善患者的治疗体验和生活质量至关重要。但我们也必须保持清醒——免疫治疗并非毫无风险,它可能引发相当严重的神经系统不良反应,发生率约为11.7%,这要求我们在临床应用中建立严密的监测体系,并制定完善的预防和管理策略,以确保免疫治疗在发挥其卓越疗效的同时,最大程度地保障患者安全。
Oncology Frontier-Hematology Frontier:The study also demonstrated higher MRD clearance rates with blinatumomab, along with significantly reduced infections, mucositis, and transplant-related non-relapse mortality. Do you think this dual benefit of improved efficacy and reduced toxicity indicates a shift toward an immunotherapy-centered era in pediatric ALL treatment?
Professor Martin Schrappe:I think for the patient and we need to take the patient's perspective—the reduction of toxicity and the reduction of mortality is the most important issue. The patient doesn't notice if there's a reduction of MRD. MRD reduction is fine and an MRD reduction may be important and may have some prognostic impact, and this is the case in our study. But for the patient the reduction in treatment-related mortality and treatment-related severe toxicity is much more important. These patients have less mucositis, less infections in particular. But immunotherapy is also not without side effects. Let's not be naive—immunotherapy may have quite significant neurological side effects, and this needs to be monitored closely and prevented as much as possible.
《肿瘤瞭望-血液时讯》:从长期来看,该研究提示部分传统高强度化疗可能被免疫治疗替代。您如何看待儿童高危B-ALL治疗模式的重构?未来还需要在哪些关键方面进一步优化或验证这一策略(如患者分层、MRD指导或联合治疗方案设计)?
Martin Schrappe教授:我们正处于一个极具变革意义的历史节点。回顾过去30年白血病治疗的发展轨迹,治疗模式的变革在最近几年才呈现出加速态势。当前,免疫治疗的引入正在深刻改写儿童ALL的治疗格局。我们的研究已经证明,在高危患者中以免疫治疗替代部分化疗不仅可行,而且疗效更优、安全性更好。但我认为这仅仅是开始——在低危和中危患者群体中,化疗的远期毒性,包括对生长发育、认知功能及第二肿瘤风险的影响,同样是不可忽视的临床问题。因此,在这些人群中探索免疫治疗的获益具有同样重要的临床价值。
展望未来,我认为需要在以下几个关键方向持续推进:其一,建立更为精细的患者分层体系,以精准识别最可能从免疫治疗中获益的亚群;其二,进一步明确MRD在治疗决策中的指导价值,探索基于MRD动态调整免疫治疗疗程的适应性策略;其三,优化免疫治疗与现有治疗手段的组合方式及序贯时机。我们需要通过更大规模、更长时间的随访数据,系统验证免疫治疗在不同风险层级中的长期获益与风险平衡。
Oncology Frontier-Hematology Frontier:Looking ahead, this study suggests that components of intensive chemotherapy may be replaceable by immunotherapy. How do you view the potential restructuring of treatment paradigms for pediatric high-risk B-ALL, and what key areas still require further optimization or validation (such as patient stratification, MRD-guided therapy, or combination strategies)?
Professor Martin Schrappe:I think we are at a very interesting time at this point. If you look at the history of leukemia treatment over the last 30 years, this has changed only recently quite heavily. What is the situation right now? Right now we observe that the introduction of immunotherapy is influencing the outcome quite significantly. And this was now demonstrated for high-risk patients replacing chemotherapy. But it also may be important for low or medium-risk patients in the future. MRD-guided therapy or combination therapy will be the key areas for further exploration. We need to validate the benefits of immunotherapy across broader risk stratification, while further optimizing treatment timing and regimen design to maximize efficacy and manage immune-related toxicities.
结 语
AIEOP-BFM ALL 2017研究以其创新的"替代而非叠加"设计理念,为儿童ALL治疗范式的重构提供了里程碑式的循证依据。贝林妥欧单抗在高危患儿中展现出的"增效减毒"双重获益,标志着免疫治疗正从后线挽救走向一线核心。正如Martin Schrappe教授所言,这一策略向中低危人群的拓展已提上日程。在追求"更少化疗、更好生活"的道路上,儿童ALL治疗正迎来免疫时代的曙光——但与此同时,神经系统毒性的监测与管理仍是临床需要审慎应对的重要课题。
专家简介
Martin Schrappe教授
德国石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因大学医学中心
近40年儿童血液学和肿瘤学研究及诊疗经验,发表600多篇论文,为该领域做出了重大贡献
2007年成为格拉斯哥皇家内科和外科医学院的研究员
2009年成为欧洲癌症科学学院的研究员
2008-2016年担任国际儿科肿瘤学会主席
Martin Schrappe教授领导着急性淋巴细胞白血病的儿童和青少年国际研究小组
Martin Schrappe教授研究方向包括复发风险评估、微小残留疾病监测和儿童白血病干细胞移植。